Have you ever settled down to relax in the evening, only to feel an overwhelming urge to move your legs?
Perhaps you've experienced tingling, crawling, itching or uncomfortable sensations that seem impossible to ignore. Maybe the feeling disappears when you walk around, only to return the moment you sit back down.
If this sounds familiar, you may be experiencing restless leg syndrome.
Although it's a common condition, many people have never heard of it until symptoms begin affecting their daily lives. Others may assume it's simply part of getting older or the result of being tired.
In reality, restless leg syndrome is a recognised neurological condition that can affect sleep, comfort and overall wellbeing.
The good news is that understanding the condition is often the first step towards managing it successfully.
In this guide, we'll explain what restless leg syndrome is, what causes it, the symptoms to look out for, and what can help if you or a loved one are affected.
What is restless leg syndrome?
Restless leg syndrome (RLS), sometimes called Willis-Ekbom disease, is a condition that causes an irresistible urge to move the legs.
This urge is usually accompanied by unusual and often uncomfortable sensations in the legs.
People commonly describe these sensations as:
Tingling
Crawling
Itching
Pulling
Aching
Throbbing
Buzzing
A feeling of something moving beneath the skin
The symptoms typically occur when a person is resting or inactive.
Many people notice symptoms while:
Sitting watching television
Reading a book
Travelling by car, train or plane
Relaxing in the evening
Lying in bed
Moving the legs often brings temporary relief, which is why people with restless leg syndrome frequently feel compelled to stretch, walk around or change position.
Why is it called restless leg syndrome?
The condition gets its name from the restlessness it creates.
People often feel unable to keep their legs still, even when they want to relax.
This isn't simply fidgeting or a habit. The urge to move is caused by genuine physical sensations that can be difficult to ignore.
For some people, the feeling is mildly irritating. For others, it can become severe enough to affect sleep and everyday life.
How common is restless leg syndrome?
Restless leg syndrome is more common than many people realise.
It can affect people of all ages, including children, but it becomes more common as people get older.
Women are generally more likely to experience restless leg syndrome than men.
Symptoms vary considerably from person to person.
Some individuals only experience occasional symptoms, while others may experience them most evenings.
What does restless leg syndrome feel like?
One of the reasons restless leg syndrome can be difficult to diagnose is that people often struggle to describe exactly what they're experiencing.
Common descriptions include:
A creeping sensation inside the legs
Pins and needles
A deep itch that can't be scratched
A pulling sensation
Electric-like feelings
A feeling of tension or pressure
A need to constantly stretch the legs
The sensations are usually felt deep within the legs rather than on the skin.
Many people say the urge to move becomes almost impossible to resist.
The four key signs of restless leg syndrome
Healthcare professionals often look for four main characteristics when assessing symptoms.
An urge to move the legs
This is the defining feature of the condition.
Symptoms occur during rest
Symptoms typically appear when sitting or lying down.
Movement provides relief
Walking, stretching or moving the legs often helps temporarily.
Symptoms worsen in the evening or at night
Many people notice symptoms become more intense later in the day.
These features help distinguish restless leg syndrome from other conditions.
Why does restless leg syndrome get worse at night?
One of the most frustrating aspects of restless leg syndrome is that symptoms often become more noticeable during the evening.
Researchers believe this may be linked to natural changes in the body's internal clock and fluctuations in brain chemicals throughout the day.
Unfortunately, this means symptoms frequently appear at the exact time people are trying to relax or sleep.
This can make bedtime particularly challenging.
What causes restless leg syndrome?
The exact cause isn't always clear.
In many cases, there is no obvious explanation.
However, several factors have been linked to restless leg syndrome.
Family history
Restless leg syndrome can run in families.
If a close relative has the condition, you may be more likely to develop it.
Low iron levels
Iron plays an important role in how certain parts of the brain function.
Low iron levels have been associated with restless leg syndrome, even in people who do not have anaemia.
Pregnancy
Some women develop symptoms during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester.
In many cases, symptoms improve after childbirth.
Long-term health conditions
Restless leg syndrome may occur alongside conditions such as:
Parkinson's disease
Diabetes
Kidney disease
Peripheral neuropathy
Certain medications
Some medications can contribute to symptoms in certain individuals.
Anyone concerned about medication-related symptoms should seek advice from a healthcare professional before making changes to their prescriptions.
.png?language=en "Rich Text Home Care")
What can trigger restless leg syndrome symptoms?
While triggers vary from person to person, some factors are commonly associated with worsening symptoms.
These include:
Long periods of sitting
Stress and anxiety
Tiredness
Poor sleep
Caffeine
Alcohol
Smoking
Some medications
Keeping a diary of symptoms may help identify individual triggers.
Understanding what makes symptoms worse can help people make adjustments that improve comfort and sleep.
How does restless leg syndrome affect sleep?
Sleep disruption is one of the most significant challenges associated with restless leg syndrome.
People often find it difficult to:
Fall asleep
Stay asleep
Get comfortable in bed
Return to sleep after waking
The result can be ongoing tiredness during the day.
Over time, poor sleep may affect:
Mood
Concentration
Energy levels
Confidence
Overall wellbeing
For older adults especially, poor sleep can have a noticeable impact on quality of life.
What are periodic limb movements during sleep?
Some people with restless leg syndrome also experience periodic limb movements during sleep.
These are involuntary movements that occur while a person is asleep.
The individual may not realise they are happening, but a partner or family member may notice:
Leg jerking
Twitching
Repetitive movements
Sudden kicking motions
These movements can occur repeatedly throughout the night and may contribute to disrupted sleep.
Although the two conditions are different, they are commonly linked.
How is restless leg syndrome diagnosed?
There is no single test for restless leg syndrome.
Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and medical history.
A healthcare professional may ask questions about:
The sensations experienced
When symptoms occur
Whether movement helps
Sleep patterns
Family history
Existing health conditions
Blood tests may sometimes be used to check for factors such as low iron levels.
Can restless leg syndrome be cured?
There is currently no guaranteed cure for restless leg syndrome.
However, many people find their symptoms can be managed successfully.
The most appropriate treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and whether an underlying cause has been identified.
Managing restless leg syndrome
There are several approaches that may help reduce symptoms.
Staying active
Regular physical activity may help improve symptoms for some people.
Activities such as walking, swimming and gentle stretching are often beneficial.
Improving sleep habits
Good sleep habits can make a difference.
This might include:
Keeping a regular bedtime
Creating a comfortable sleep environment
Avoiding screens before bed
Following a consistent evening routine
Reducing caffeine and alcohol
Some people find that reducing caffeine and alcohol helps minimise symptoms.
Managing stress
Stress and anxiety can sometimes make symptoms worse.
Relaxation techniques, mindfulness or gentle exercise may help.
Following medical advice
Where appropriate, healthcare professionals may recommend treatments based on individual circumstances.
Living with restless leg syndrome
For many people, restless leg syndrome affects more than just their legs.
The condition can influence confidence, daily routines and social activities.
Some people avoid long journeys because sitting still becomes uncomfortable.
Others worry about travelling, attending events or spending time away from home.
Sleep disruption can also affect relationships, mood and energy levels.
The positive news is that many people find their symptoms become more manageable once they understand the condition and identify what helps.
Small changes can sometimes make a meaningful difference.
Restless leg syndrome in older adults
Restless leg syndrome is often misunderstood in older adults.
Symptoms may be mistaken for:
Arthritis
Muscle cramps
Circulation problems
General discomfort associated with ageing
As a result, some people live with symptoms for years without realising a specific condition may be responsible.
Understanding the signs can help individuals seek appropriate support and advice.
How can family members help?
Family members can play an important role in supporting someone with restless leg syndrome.
Ways to help include:
Listening to concerns
Encouraging medical advice when needed
Supporting healthy sleep habits
Helping identify triggers
Understanding that symptoms are real and often difficult to control
Sometimes simply recognising what someone is experiencing can be reassuring.
When should you seek medical advice?
It's a good idea to speak with a healthcare professional if:
Symptoms occur regularly
Sleep is being affected
Symptoms are becoming more severe
Daily activities are becoming more difficult
Symptoms are causing distress
Seeking advice can help identify any underlying causes and explore suitable treatment options.
The Bottom Line
Restless leg syndrome is a common condition that causes an overwhelming urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations that become worse during periods of rest.
Although symptoms can be frustrating, particularly when they interfere with sleep, many people find that understanding the condition helps them manage it more effectively.
Recognising the symptoms, identifying possible triggers and seeking advice when needed can all make a positive difference.
And with the right support, many people are able to continue enjoying an active, comfortable and fulfilling life.